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Since classical rhetoric, the four fundamental ''rhetorical operations'', which still today serve to encompass the various figures of speech, have been: addition (adiectio), omission (detractio), permutation (immutatio) and transposition (transmutatio). Originally these were called, in Latin, the four operations of ''quadripartita ratio''. ==Classical origins== An ancient surviving text mentioning the four operations, although not recognizing them as the four fundamental principles, is the Latin ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' (author unknown) from the 90s BCE. This work calls them ἔνδεια, πλεονασμός, μετάθεσις and ἐναλλαγή.〔Book IV, 21.29, pp.303-5〕 Philo of Alexandria (c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE), writing in Greek, listed the operations as addition (πρόσθεσις), subtraction (ἀφαίρεσις), transposition (μετάθεσις), and transmutation (ἀλλοίωσις).〔(Harry Caplan )〕 Quintilian (c. 35 – c. 100) then mentioned them in ''Institutio Oratoria'' (ca 95 CE).〔Institutio Oratoria, Vol. I, Book I, (Chapter 5 ), paragraphs 6 and 38-41. And also in Book VI (Chapter 3 )〕 Quintilian saw rhetoric as the science of the possible deviation from a given norm, or from a pre-existing text taken as a model. Each variation can be seen as a ''figure'' (figures of speech or figures of thought).〔 〕 From this perspective, Quintilian famously formulated four fundamental operations according to the analysis of any such variation.〔Nöth (1990) pp.341,358〕〔Jansen (2008)〕〔James J. Murphy (2000) ''Grammar and rhetoric in Roman schools'', in Sylvain Auroux (editor) ''(History of the language sciences: An International Handbook on the Evolution of the Study of Language from the Beginnings to the Present )'', part XII, article 70, section 4, p.491〕 Heinrich Lausberg offers one of the most complete and detailed summaries of classical rhetoric, from the perspective of Quintillian's four operations, in his 1960 treatise ''(Handbook of literary rhetoric )''.〔Groupe µ (1970) ''A General Rhetoric'', Introduction〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rhetorical operations」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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